茶树空中压条不定根原基发育影响因子研究

为了筛选出促使茶树茎段空中压条后发根的最佳技术方案,研究了成熟度、外施激素浓度、枝梢茎粗以及环割方式对根原基发育的影响.结果表明:选择生长健壮、茎粗为0.252 ～0.280 cm的当年生枝条,在黄绿色或青绿色茎段处进行传统环割,外用100 mg/L的ABT 1号生根粉处理,能有效缩短根原基发育周期.经过40～50 d...     

低溶胀壳聚糖/丝素蛋白复合膜的制备及性能测试

为改善单纯壳聚糖膜用作医用创面敷料在湿环境下的力学性能,将壳聚糖(CS)和家蚕丝素蛋白(SF)混合,采用延流法制备壳聚糖/丝素蛋白(CS/SF)复合膜。物理与机械性能测试表明:CS/SF复合膜的溶胀率较单纯CS膜显著降低,且其溶胀能力具有pH依赖性;CS/SF复合膜的水蒸气透过率较单纯CS膜略有下降,但仍保持在2 043～3 363 g/(m2.d);CS/SF复合膜在湿环境下的力学强度较单纯CS膜显著提高,当加入SF的质量分数为15%时,复合膜的力学性能最好,其拉伸强度为34.5 MPa±1.8 MPa,比单纯CS膜提高近18%,而其断裂伸长率也由初始的83.1%±6.7%提高到119.3%±8.2%。CS/SF复合膜具有较好的药物释放性能,对抗感染药物盐酸万古霉素表现出在初始1 h内的突释行为和随后较长时期的缓释行为,十分有利于降低感染和加速伤口愈合。此外,CS/SF复合膜对STO小鼠胚成纤维细胞具有良好的生物相容性。各项性能测试显示CS/SF复合膜作为医用敷料具有潜在的应用前景。     

不同生育阶段燕麦对干旱胁迫的响应

设中度干旱(MD,土壤田间最大持水量的55±5%)、重度干旱(SD,土壤田间最大持水量的35±5%)两个处理,研究干旱胁迫对温室盆栽燕麦不同生育阶段(苗期、分蘖期、拔节期)的生长性状、叶绿素荧光参数以及根系形态的影响。结果表明,与正常供水(CK)相比,干旱胁迫处理均显著(P<0.05)降低了燕麦苗期、分蘖期、拔节期3个生育阶段地上部生物量、株高以及叶片光合荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo。干旱胁迫下,燕麦根系表现出明显的形态可塑性,苗期通过增加根长、分支数和细根数(直径≤0.48mm)来响应干旱胁迫,分蘖期主要通过减少根长、分支数来响应干旱胁迫,拔节期主要通过减缓各级根系的生长并增加根的分级数来响应干旱胁迫。     

Modelling soil erodibility in mountain rangelands of southern Kyrgyzstan

Soil erosion in mountain rangelands in Kyrgyzstan is an emerging problem due to vegetation loss caused by overgrazing. It is further exacerbated by mountain terrain and high precipitation values in Fergana range in the south of Kyrgyzstan. The main objective of this study was to map soil erodibility in the mountainous rangelands of Kyrgyzstan. The results of this effort are expected to contribute to the development of soil erodibility modelling approaches for mountainous areas. In this study, we mapped soil erodibility at two sites, both representing grazing rangelands in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and having potentially different levels of grazing pressure. We collected a total of 232 soil samples evenly distributed in geographical space and feature space. Then we analyzed the samples in laboratory for grain size distribution and calculated soil erodibility values from these data using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) K-factor formula. After that, we derived different terrain indices and ratios of frequency bands from ASTER GDEM and LANDSAT images to use as auxiliary data because they are among the main soil forming factors and widely used for prediction of various soil properties. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with channel network base level (geographically extrapolated altitude of water channels), remotely sensed indices of short-wave infrared spectral bands, exposition, and slope degree. We applied multiple regression analysis to predict soil erodibility from spatially explicit terrain and remotely sensed indices. The final soil erodibility model was developed using the spatially explicit predictors and the regression equation and then improved by adding the residuals. The spatial resolution of the model was 30 m, and the estimated mean adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.47. The two sites indicated different estimated and predicted means of soil erodibility values (0.035 and 0.039) with a 0.05 significance level, which is attributed mainly to the considerable difference in elevation.     

水平摘锭式采棉机采摘头传动系统优化与试验

为了提高水平摘锭式采棉机的作业效率,针对国产采棉机在高速作业过程中存在采摘速比系数匹配不当、采摘头传动系统不合理的问题,该研究根据水平摘锭式采棉机采摘头结构与工作原理,对采摘头传动系统、采棉机采摘机理进行分析,根据传动系统传动要求和采棉机采摘条件,建立目标函数与约束条件,运用遗传算法和1stOpt软件对采摘头传动系统进行优化分析。优化结果为:滚筒动力齿轮齿数为72,离合器上齿轮变位系数为-0.14,滚筒动力齿轮变位系数为1.208,齿轮顶隙系数为1.25。结合采棉机作业要求搭建棉花采摘性能试验台,选取采摘滚筒转速113～143 r/min、作业速度5.93～7.20km/h,对优化前后采摘头的作业性能进行验证试验。结果表明:优化后的采摘头作业速度由6.4km/h提升至7.2 km/h,工作效率由4.86 hm~2/h提升至5.47 hm~2/h,提高了12.5%;优化后的采摘头在7.2 km/h的作业速度下,采净率由90.4%提升至93.7%,采净率提高了3.6%,含杂率由10.28%降至9.72%,含杂率降低了5.4%,验证了传动系统优化结果的合理性。该研究可为国产采棉机采摘头的研发提供参考。     

C/N比对好氧堆肥中NH3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响

利用牛粪和不同比例玉米秸秆的混合,设置5个不同C/N比处理(T1=15、T2=20、T3=25、T4=30、T5=35),研究其对条垛式好氧堆肥过程中的NH_3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响。结果表明:在肥堆前24 d有11.1%～23.1%的总氮损失,堆体C/N比越低,总氮损失率越高。堆肥结束时,T1～T5处理的总氮损失率为10.1%～24.1%,其中由NH_3挥发造成的氮损失占总氮损失的30.9%～40.5%。堆肥过程的NH_3挥发主要发生在升温期和高温期,此期的NH_3挥发量占总挥发量的95%以上,是总氮损失的主要途径。堆肥前6 d各处理堆体铵态氮积累并达到最高值,导致pH值迅速升高,是造成堆肥NH_3挥发的直接原因。堆体C/N比越低,pH值越高,NH_3挥发量越大,由此造成的氮损失占总氮损失的比例越大。堆肥材料总氮的90%以上为有机氮,其降解主要发生在堆肥前24 d,堆体初始C/N比越低,有机氮矿化越快。不同有机氮组分的降解速率不同,以氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮的降解为主。当堆体初始C/N比低于25时,堆肥材料中氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮等有机态氮快速降解产生大量的铵态氮,由此导致堆体pH值的迅速升高,是导致堆肥过程中大量NH_3挥发和氮素损失的主要原因。     

Evaluation of Cold Tolerance in NERICAs Compared with Japanese Standard Rice Varieties at the Reproductive Stage

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a general name for interspecific rice varieties derived from a cross between the high‐yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) between locally adapted African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.). Eight NERICAs were evaluated for cold tolerance (CT) at the reproductive stage and compared with their O. sativa parents and three Japanese standard rice varieties over 3 years. Cold tolerance was evaluated based on the filled grain ratio (FGR) after cold water irrigation. The FGR was greatly reduced by cold water irrigation. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 had higher FGR (51.9–57.9 %), while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 had lower FGR (6.2–14.5 %). NERICA 1, 2 and 7 were less affected by cold stress, with a 31 % mean reduction in FGR, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 were greatly affected, with their FGRs being reduced by more than 80 %. NERICA 3 and 4 were moderately affected by cold stress, with about 45 % reduction rate in FGR. FGR significantly influenced the grain weights of the varieties with strong positive correlations (r = 0.83–0.91; P < 0.001), and thus, similar trends in grain weights were observed. Grain weights were reduced by 61.7–96.4 % under cold stress. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 showed significantly better performance than NERICA 3 and 4, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 performed poorly under cold water irrigation. The Japanese varieties Koshihikari (very tolerant) and Ozora (moderately tolerant) were more affected by cold water irrigation than NERICA 1, 2 and 7. On the basis of the mean reduction rate (%) in FGR under cold stress, the varieties were classified as follows: NERICA 1, 2 and 7 as tolerant; NERICA 3 and 4 as moderately tolerant; and NERICA 6, 15 and 16 as susceptible to cold stress. However, NERICA 7 grain yields were lower under cold stress due to both greatly reduced number of panicles per plant and number of spikelets per panicle. Therefore, NERICA 1 and 2 are suitable candidates for production in the highland regions of East Africa and should be promoted for production.     

Somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of five multipurpose cassava landraces extensively integrated in African cropping system

Successful development and adoption of transgenic cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties in Africa depend on in vitro regeneration of landraces because of their agronomic value and amenability to genetic modification. The study investigated somatic embryogenesis from axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explant and regeneration via shoot organogenesis in five cassava landraces. Landraces exhibited significant (P < 0.05) differences in frequencies of primary somatic embryo production, number of embryos per explant, and frequency of secondary embryos. The frequency of primary somatic embryogenesis ranged from 7.8 to 14.5%, whereas the number of embryos per explant varied from 5.3 to 10.6. However, only frequency of primary somatic embryos and number of embryos per explant showed significant (P < 0.05) differences when immature leaf lobe was used as explant. The frequency of primary somatic embryogenesis ranged from 42.7 to 49.2%, whereas number of embryos per immature leaf-lobe explant varied from 9.5 to 15.2 per explant. Secondary embryogenesis was cultivar-independent in the case of immature leaf-lobe explant. Cyclic and green (mature) embryogenesis showed no significant (P < 0.05) landrace differences in both axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explants. Shoot regeneration from cotyledon of somatic embryos had significant (P < 0.05) landrace differences. The mean shoot-bud formation frequency of axillary bud and immature leaf-lobe explants was 51.4% and 37.2%, respectively. Root formation was efficient, with greater than 70% of shoots forming root in all landraces. Similarly, landrace differences were detected for the survival of acclimatized regenerated plants, with a mean of 94.7% for both explants. In conclusion, somatic embryos were produced from immature leaf and axillary bud explants of the landraces and the embryos were converted to plantlets via shoot organogenesis.     

Growth and weed suppression ability of common and new cover crops in Germany

Cover crops have a wide-ranging influence on the agroecosystem and create multiple benefits for farmers. A major benefit of cover crops is the suppression of weeds during fall and winter, which can help to reduce soil tillage and herbicide use. However, only a small number of cover crop species are currently grown in Germany. To enlarge this number, four new cover crop species including tartary buckwheat, forage radish, red oat and grain amaranth were tested in comparison with common cover crop species such as white mustard, oilseed radish and phacelia. Emergence, soil coverage, dry matter production and weed suppression ability was assessed for all cover crop species. White mustard emerged faster than all other cover crops and produced the highest amount of shoot dry matter at both locations in southwest Germany twelve weeks after planting (WAP). Oilseed radish was the only cover crop that reduced the weed dry matter in all experiments eight WAP. Phacelia was able to reduce weed density by 77% at Meiereihof twelve WAP. Tartary buckwheat offered the highest soil coverage four WAP, produced the greatest shoot dry matter eight WAP and reduced weed dry matter by more than 96% at Meiereihof and Ihinger Hof twelve WAP. Forage radish produced the highest root dry matter and reduced spring weed density by more than 81% in all experiments. Red oat and grain amaranth emerged slowly, produced less biomass than other cover crops and did not suppress weed growth. The results show that tartary buckwheat and forage radish are well suited as new cover crops in Germany due to their fast growth and good weed suppression ability.     

核桃枝枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

In May 2018,a new shoot dieback disease was found in several walnut orchards in Rizhao,Shandong Province.The fungal pathogen was obtained on PDA plate from diseased walnut shoots using a tissue isolation method.The purified fungal isolates formed white to grey colonies on PDA plate and three single spore isolates SDWa1-SDWa3 were obtained.Based on morphological characteristics and analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS),calmodulin (CAL),translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and β-tubulin (TUB) sequences,the fungal isolates were identified as Diaporthe nobilis,a new pathogen on walnut.The test of Koch's rule confirmed that D.nobilis was the pathogen of walnut shoot dieback.To determine optimal growing conditions for the pathogen,its biological characteristics test was conducted.The results showed that the optimal growth temperature and pH value were at 25℃ and pH 5-9,respectively.The optimum carbon source was glucose,and favourable nitrogen source was peptone.